Coverings of the sphere with n equal caps

Hugo Pfoertner, Jan 2017

As part of his collection of spherical codes, Neil Sloane maintains a web page dedicated to the following problem:

How should one place n points on a sphere so as to minimize the maximum distance of any point on the sphere from the closest one of the n points?

Colloquially, this is also known as petrol station placement problem.

A table with links to visualizations of the configurations for n = 4 ... 50 is provided. Each cell in the table at the bottom of this page contains links to data and visualizations of the known best results.

Explanation of table contents

First line

The first line in a cell shows the angle ρ representing the covering radius. The maximum distance d from an arbitrary point to the nearest cap center on a sphere of radius 1 is given by d = 2 * sin ( ρ/2 ). The angle line is linked to a picture showing lines of equal maximum distance to the nearest caps centers.

Example for n=10:

Example for n=10

Lines of equal relative distance are shown, with iso-lines at 50, 60, 68, 74, 79, 83, 87, 91, 94, 97% of the maximum occurring distance. Ideally, the iso-lines would all be circles or parts of circles. The discontinuities visible in the plots are a consequence of the piecewice representation of the iso-lines that are created as straight line segments on an overlaid element grid. The resolution of this grid is a compromise between visual appearance and the size of the graphics files. The stations are located at the centers of the 50% distance circles, obviously corresponding to distance zero. Higher values are indicated by thicker lines. So the "dark" regions are those with the longest travel to the nearest petrol station. In the projection the equator is shown as horizontal line with the leftmost and rightmost ends representing the same position on the sphere. Therefore the circle center regions at the right and left boundary above the equator of the example picture belong to the same station on the sphere and have to be counted only once. The North pole is located at the top and the South pole is located at the bottom of the picture. In the n=10 example stations are placed at both poles.

Second line

The second (middle) line in a cell contains links to 4 different pdf files.
N is a link to an iso-distance plot similar to the previously described plot, but from a viewpoint above the sphere's North pole. The northern hemisphere is shown flattened, with the equator as circumference.
S is a link similar to N, but showing the southern hemisphere.
Eq is a link to the same picture as displayed for the first cell line, but as a pdf file.
Tri is a link to 3 plots of a triangulation of the caps centers, shown as top view and 2 lateral views from front and side.

Third line

The third (bottom) line of the cell displays the order of the symmetry group of the point configuration and the type of symmetry. The line is a link to a table of the coordinates. The table has a header line with the number of points n and the angle ρ . The following n lines each contain the point index i, the spherical coordinates φ, θ and the cartesian coordinates x, y, z.
Appended to the coordinate list is the information on the symmetry. The first line, separated by a blank line from the end of the list of point coordinates, shows the order o of the symmetry group and an acronym for the group type. The following o lines are a cycle representation of the applicable group.

The coordinates in the provided files are only approximations of moderate accuracy to those provided in Neil Sloanes Library of 3-d Coverings. The processing of the results involved a partial re-computation of the configurations. The methods applied by the author were only intended to produce an accuracy sufficient for visualization. If high accuracy is needed, it is recommended to resort to Neil Sloane's original coordinate data.

Table of best known configurations for n = 4 ... 50
n12345678910
4
 
10
ρ
N S Eq Tri
o Group
    70.5287794
N S Eq Tri
24 Tetrah.
63.4349488
N S Eq Tri
12 dihedral
54.7356103
N S Eq Tri
48 Octah.
51.0265527
N S Eq Tri
20 dihedral
48.1395291
N S Eq Tri
8 dihedral
45.8788878
N S Eq Tri
12 dihedral
42.3078266
N S Eq Tri
16 dihedral
11
 
20
41.4271960
N S Eq Tri
2 cyclic
37.3773681
N S Eq Tri
120 Icosah.
37.0685427
N S Eq Tri
4 dihedral
34.9379270
N S Eq Tri
24 dihedral
34.0399001
N S Eq Tri
12 dihedral
32.8988128
N S Eq Tri
24 Tetrah.
32.0929328
N S Eq Tri
4 dihedral
31.0131718
N S Eq Tri
6 dihedral
30.3686748
N S Eq Tri
2 cyclic
29.6230958
N S Eq Tri
8 dihedral
21
 
30
28.8244768
N S Eq Tri
2 cyclic
27.8100588
N S Eq Tri
20 dihedral
27.4818687
N S Eq Tri
6 dihedral
26.8126364
N S Eq Tri
4 dihedral
26.3287855
N S Eq Tri
2 mirror
25.8449223
N S Eq Tri
2 cyclic
25.2509549
N S Eq Tri
20 dihedral
24.6589489
N S Eq Tri
12 A4
24.3683986
N S Eq Tri
4 dihedral
23.8787580
N S Eq Tri
4 dihedral
31
 
40
23.6119921
N S Eq Tri
1 cyclic
22.6904804
N S Eq Tri
120 Icosah.
22.5905116
N S Eq Tri
2 mirror
22.3314637
N S Eq Tri
4 dihedral
22.0725569
N S Eq Tri
4 dihedral
21.6994390
N S Eq Tri
2 cyclic
21.3100299
N S Eq Tri
20 dihedral
21.0698584
N S Eq Tri
24 dihedral
20.8511244
N S Eq Tri
12 dihedral
20.4721353
N S Eq Tri
24 Tetrah.
41
 
50
20.3177152
N S Eq Tri
12 dihedral
20.0480917
N S Eq Tri
6 dihedral
19.8428333
N S Eq Tri
2 cyclic
19.6375705
N S Eq Tri
4 dihedral
19.4207407
N S Eq Tri
2 mirror
19.1586113
N S Eq Tri
12 A4
18.9924594
N S Eq Tri
1 cyclic
18.6892566
N S Eq Tri
4 dihedral
18.5926796
N S Eq Tri
1 cyclic
18.3000226
N S Eq Tri
24 dihedral